Foreign Currency Reserves 2025 - Market Notice 18 February 2025
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The secret behind Temu’s rock-bottom prices
Temu has made a remarkable entry in the global e-commerce landscape, quickly becoming the fifth largest online marketplace worlwide. Critics claim Temu’s ultra-competitive pricing relies on unfair practices. Yet its success stems from the powerful—and proven—business model of its parent company, Pinduoduo, which started as an online marketplace for fresh fruit…
Green and brown returns in a production economy
Does it pay to invest in green companies? In countries where a market for carbon is functioning, such as those within the European Union, our findings suggest that it should be beneficial. Using a sample of green and brown European firms, we initially demonstrate that green companies have outperformed brown ones in recent times. Subsequently, we develop a production economy model in which brown firms acquire permits to emit carbon into the atmosphere. We find that the presence of a well-functioning carbon market could account for the green equity premium observed in our data.
Bank transparency and market efficiency
This paper explores the impact of bank transparency on market efficiency by comparing banks that disclose supervisory capital requirements to those that remain opaque. Due to the informational content of supervisory capital requirements for the market this opacity might hinder market efficiency. The paper estimates an average 11.5% reduction in funding costs for transparent versus opaque banks. However, there is some heterogeneity in those effects. Transparency helps the market to sort across safer and riskier banks.
Green and brown returns in a production economy
Does it pay to invest in green companies? In countries where a market for carbon is functioning, such as those within the European Union, our findings suggest that it should be beneficial. Using a sample of green and brown European firms, we initially demonstrate that green companies have outperformed brown ones in recent times. Subsequently, we develop a production economy model in which brown firms acquire permits to emit carbon into the atmosphere. We find that the presence of a well-functioning carbon market could account for the green equity premium observed in our data.
Bank transparency and market efficiency
This paper explores the impact of bank transparency on market efficiency by comparing banks that disclose supervisory capital requirements to those that remain opaque. Due to the informational content of supervisory capital requirements for the market this opacity might hinder market efficiency. The paper estimates an average 11.5% reduction in funding costs for transparent versus opaque banks. However, there is some heterogeneity in those effects. Transparency helps the market to sort across safer and riskier banks.
Charles Kindleberger, the Dollar System, and Financial Crises
A review of Perry Mehrling’s book, Money and Empire: Charles P. Kindleberger and the Dollar System, and an exploration Mehrling’s discussion of the 1982 correspondence between Charles Kindleberger and Ben Bernanke examining their theories concerning financial crises.
Investment funds and euro disaster risk
We document that compared to all other investor groups investment funds exhibit a distinctly procyclical behavior when financial-market beliefs about the probability of a euro-related, institutional rare disaster spike. In response to such euro disaster risk shocks, investment funds shed periphery but do not adjust core sovereign debt holdings. The periphery debt shed by investment funds is picked up by investors domiciled in the issuing country, namely banks in the short term and insurance corporations and households in the medium term.
Investment funds and euro disaster risk
We document that compared to all other investor groups investment funds exhibit a distinctly procyclical behavior when financial-market beliefs about the probability of a euro-related, institutional rare disaster spike. In response to such euro disaster risk shocks, investment funds shed periphery but do not adjust core sovereign debt holdings. The periphery debt shed by investment funds is picked up by investors domiciled in the issuing country, namely banks in the short term and insurance corporations and households in the medium term.
The taming of the skew: asymmetric inflation risk and monetary policy
We document that inflation risk in the U.S. varies significantly over time and is often asymmetric. To analyze the macroeconomic effects of these asymmetric risks within a tractable framework, we construct the beliefs representation of a general equilibrium model with skewed distribution of markup shocks. Optimal policy requires shifting agents’ expectations counter to the direction of inflation risks.
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