R. Matthew Darst, Ehraz Refayet, and Alexandros VardoulakisWe examine how macroprudential capital requirements interact with competition between banks and non-banks to shape lending standards. Banks have private information and benefit from deposit insurance, while non-banks lack such advantages but are less regulated.

PaeGAG/ShutterstockA new financial year starts on July 1. For Australia’s large companies, that means new rules on climate-related disclosures come into force.

What does it take to lead through complexity, make tough decisions and still put people first? For me, the answer became clear during a defining moment early in my career – one that changed my path entirely.

Today I am a business-school educator, but I began my career in the corporate world. I faced a challenge so intense that it motivated me to go back to school and earn a Ph.D. so I could help others lead with greater purpose and humanity.

Our paper uses a general equilibrium framework to examine the effects of temperature on firm-level demand, productivity and input allocative efficiency. Using data from Italian firms and detailed climate data, it uncovers a sizeable negative effect of extreme temperatures on firm-level productivity. Based on these estimates, the model generates aggregate productivity losses from local temperature fluctuations that are higher than previously thought, ranging from 0.60% to 6.82% depending on the scenario and the extent of adaptation.