Central banks

Europe is increasingly exposed to heat waves and droughts, but their short-term economic effects across sectors remain hard to predict. This study develops climate-augmented models to predict real growth in per capita value added across 1,117 EU regions (2002–2022), by combining economic indicators with high-frequency climate data. When using machine learning (ML, Random Forest and XGBoost), climate variables improve predictions in agriculture, while gains for other sectors are limited and do not outperform economic models.

We assess the effectiveness of supervisory activities in mitigating credit risk stemming from banks’ commercial real estate portfolios. We analyse two activity types deployed by European banking supervisors: (a) on-site inspections, which assess in depth banks’ risk-taking and internal controls, but can only be selectively applied, and (b) off-site targeted reviews, which survey risk management practices across institutions, are less intrusive but are applied more widely.

This report summarises the methodologies used in the fifth wave of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, which provides household-level data collected in a harmonised way in the 20 euro area countries at the time of collection, as well as in the Czech Republic and Hungary. The total sample size comprises almost 90,000 households. Although the survey does not refer to the same time period in all countries, the most common reference period for the data is 2023.

The first meeting of the RTGS CHAPS Industry Forum